编者:徐 达 很多高中生,甚至大学生,都可能造出此类的错句: He is work hard. I am study English. 说他们糊涂,我也不想为他们辩护。但是,现行英语语法体系不尽合理,也确实难学难记。教学实践中,我编著了如下的另类语法,学生领悟很快。一般语法书看不进去的人可以尝试我的另类语法。 第一部分:三种基本句型 英语只有三种基本句型:第一种:He sees 第二种:He is 第三种:There is 解释:第一种就是,主语加一般动词的原形。注意,单数第三人称后,动词尾相应变化。 这种句型可因动词的性质和句意不同,后面有5种不同的接法: 1、 He works hard.(非及物动词,后不接名词作宾语。hard是副词,作状语,修饰动词) 2、 I study English.(及物动词,后接名词作宾语) 3、 She teaches me English.(某些及物动词后,可接双宾语,即间接宾语和直接宾语) 4、 They find the boy clever.(某些及物动词后,可接复合宾语,即宾语及其补语) 5、 You look young.(某些表示感觉和变化的动词后,可接形容词或名词作表语) 第二种就是,主语加动词be的变化形式。 be根据主语的人称变化。 这种句型可因句意不同,后面有4种不同的接法:(注意:不接动词原形) 1、 He is a student. He is young.(后接名词或形容词等,作表语) 2、 It is made in China.(后接过去分词,构成被动语态) 3、 We are swimming.(后接现在分词,构成进行时态) 4、 You are to clean the window.(后接动词不定式,表示计划、命令、应该、注定等) 第三种就是,There加动词be的变化形式。 be根据它后面的主语是单数或复数而变化。 例如:There is a book on the desk. There are many books on the desk. 以上这十个例句,请你务必背记下来。 第二部分:十六种时态 上面三种句型很简单,应该很好记。但是,它们仅仅是现在一般时(We are swimming.例外,它是现在进行时)。英语中有十六种时态,也就是说,上面的每个句型都有可能再演变出十五个句型。不要怕,三种句型变法都一样,只有谓语动词变化,而且很有规律,也很好记。请看下表(红字的句子罕见): 一般 完成 进行 完成进行 现在 现在一般时 He sees He is There is 现在完成时 He has seen He has been There has been 现在进行时 He is seeing He is being There is being 现在完成进行时 He has been seeing He has been being There has been being 过去 过去一般时 He saw He was There was 过去完成时 He had seen He had been There had been 过去进行时 He was seeing He was being There was being 过去完成进行时 He had been seeing He had been being There had been being 将来 将来一般时 He will see He will be There will be 将来完成时 He will have seen He will have been There will have been 将来进行时 He will be seeing He will be being There will be being 将来完成进行时 He will have been seeing He will have been being There will have been being 过去将来 过去将来一般时 He would see He would be There would be 过去将来完成时 He would have seen He would have been There would have been 过去将来进行时 He would be seeing He would be being There would be being 过去将来完成进行时 He would have been seeing He would have been being There would have been being 另外,还有14个特殊动词: shall should can could may might ought(to) must need dare used(to) do does did ,理论上都可以置换上表中的will或would,又演变出14*4=56个句型。16+56=72,现在有72个句型了。虽然看起来不少,实际很简单,如果一个小时记不住,一天总能记住吧? 为了记住这72个句型,你不妨做做练习,把你前面记住的十个例句变成各种时态。这样可变出10*72=720个句子。其中很多句子变成某种时态后句意不通。作为练习,变变也可。 第三部分:二十四个特殊动词 上面提到14个特殊动词,实际上不止这些。现在该来系统地讲一讲它们了。我把英语中成千上万的动词分成两类:一般动词和特殊动词,非此即彼。特殊动词有三个特点:1、英语的每个简单句都有一个特殊动词;2、在它的后面加个not就变成否定句;3、把它移到句首就变成一般疑问句。英语中特殊动词一共只有24个,很好记。列表如下: 现在式 过去式 单数3 单数1 复数 单数 复数 is am are was were has have had does do did shall should will would can could may might must ought(to) need dare used(to) 注1:特殊动词不完全等于连系动词、助动词和情态动词,例如:be是连系动词,但不是特殊动词。 注2:这24个特殊动词后面加not 构成否定式时, 除了am 和may 之外, 其余的都可以连写not的简略式n't, 如:aren't mightn't oughtn't to usedn't to 注意:shall will can 这三个词的简略否定式是: shan't won't can't 下面分别叙述特殊动词的用法,为了系统叙述,有些内容与第一、二部分重叠。 1、 is am are was were 的用法有5种: 1) 后接表语,用于“主系表”结构的句子(现在、过去一般时)。例如: a) I am a student. b) The boy is 5 years old. c) He was at home then. 2) 后接主语,用于There be结构的句子(现在、过去一般时)意为“存在”。例如: a) There is a book on the desk. b) There was a meeting last night. 3) 后接现在分词,构成现在和过去进行时。例如: a) I am going to school. b) They are swimming. c) We were studying English. 4) 后接过去分词,构成被动语态(现在、过去一般时)。例如: a) You are invited to the party tonight. 你被邀请参加今晚的聚会。 b) This bridge was built by Lu Ban. 这座桥是鲁班造的。 5) 后接不定式,表示“计划”“命令”“应该”“注定”等,如: a) They are (going ) to meet at 6:00. (表示“打算”“计划”时,可以加going ) b) You were to clean the house. 原定你打扫房子的。(到说话时扫没扫,未表明。) c) You were to have cleaned the house. 原定你打扫房子的。(此时本该打扫过了, 但没扫。) 2、 has have had 的用法: 后接过去分词,构成现在和过去完成、完成进行时。例如: a) He has gone to Beijing. 他已经到北京去了。 b) I have been a teacher since then. 从那时起我就一直当教师。 c) They had left when I got there. 我到那里的时候,他们已经走了。 d) He has been working hard since early morning. 丛一大早他就一直在下劲干活。 注: has have had也可以作为一般动词,意为“拥有”“进行”“吃”“使得”“让”等。如果后接不定式,意为“不得不”。因为它们不是特殊动词,所以不能在它们后面加not构成否定句,不能把它们移到句首构成疑问句。例如: a) He has a good pen. 他有一支好笔。 b) We have supper at 6:00. 我们六点钟吃晚饭。 c) I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理了发。(我让我的头发被剪了,昨天) d) I have to leave now. 我得走了。 以上的四个句子的特殊动词分别是does do did do 。(见下文) 3、 does do did 的用法: 后接动词原形,构成一般现在时和一般过去时。例如: a) He studies English. 他学习英语。 b) They look young. 他们看来挺年轻。 c) We went to school yesterday. 我们昨天上学了。 咦!这三个句子怎么没有特殊动词呀?别急,它们隐藏了。虽然隐藏,但还是漏出了马脚:看a)、 c) 两句,动词不再是原形,已经变成了第三人称和过去式。而且,上述三句在强调谓语的时候,特殊动词就会暴露无遗,看: a) He does study English. 他的确学习英语。 b) They do look young. 他们的确看来挺年轻。 c) We did go to school yesterday. 我们昨天的确上学了。 它们也可强调动词be ,如: a) He does be a student. b) There did be a book on the desk. c) Do be quiet, please! 在构成否定句和疑问句的时候,does do did更是不得不显其特殊本相。例如: a) He doesn't study English. Does he study English? b) They don't look young. Do they look young? c) We didn't go to school yesterday. Did you go to school yesterday? 注:does do did也可以作为一般动词,意为“做、进行”。这样的句子里还隐含着另一个does 或 do 或 did,是特殊动词,在强调谓语时或在否定句或疑问句中它们就出现了。例如: a) He does his homework in the evening. Does he do his homework in the evening? b) I do shopping on Sundays. I do do shopping on Sundays. c) He did his best yesterday. He did not do his best yesterday. 4、shall should will would 的用法: 后接动词原形。单纯表示“将来”之意,构成各种将来时和过去将来时,shall should 用于第一人称,will would 用于各种人称。如果表示某些情态,shall should也可用于各种人称,should would 也不再限于过去式。要把它们当作不同的单词来看: shall有“必须”“必然”的意思,等等。请看例句: a) You shall do as I do. 我怎么做,你就怎么做。(命令口气比用must轻一些。) b) He shall be punished. 他要受惩罚。(有肯定、必然之意。) c) You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。 (表许诺) d) What shall he do next? 他下一步干什么? (表征询意见) Should有“应该”“竟然”的意思,等等。请看例句: a) You should obey your parents. 你应该听父母的话。 b) He should have helped her. 你本应该帮她一把。 c) Why should you invite him. 你为什么竟然邀请他。 d) I am sorry that you should think so badly of me. 你竟然把我想得这样坏,我真遗憾。 e) If he should come, show him this. 万一他来了,给他看这个。(表虚拟) will 和would 有“愿意”“总是”的意思,等等。请看例句: a) I won't attend the meeting. 我不愿意出席该会议。 b) I said I would do anything for him. 我说过我愿意为他作任何事。 c) The drawer won't shut. 抽屉关不上了。(主语是物,will would不能译成“愿意”) d) My grandpa will fall asleep in front of TV. 我爷爷看电视时总是爱睡觉。 e) I would go swimming every afternoon last summer. 去年夏天每天下午我总是去游泳。 f) Would you mind closing the window? 请把窗户关上好吗?(比用Will 更客气) 5、can could 的用法: 后接动词原形。基本意思是“能够”“可以”“可能”。can 是现在式,could 是过去式。但二者也可指现在和将来,Could比can语气委婉,或表示虚拟语气。请看例句: a) He can speak English. 他能说英语。 b) He could speak English when he was a child. 他小时候就能说英语。 c) Could you give me a glass of water? 你能给我一杯水吗?(比用can更委婉客气) d) If I could go, I should be glad. 假如我能去,我就高兴了。(事实上不能去,表虚拟) e) You can(could) phone her, I suppose. 你可以给她打个电话,我认为。 f) What can(could) he mean? 他可能是什么意思呢? g) You can't do that. 你不可以那样做。 h) He could arrive tomorrow. 他可能明天到。(可能性小) i) You could have helped her. 你本可以帮她一把的。 j) He said he couldn't agree more. 他说他再同意不过了。 6、may might 的用法: 后接动词原形。基本意思是“也许(表可能性)”“可以(表允许)”。过去、现在、将来都可指,might 的语气更委婉,不确定,虚拟。例如: a) It may(might) be true. 这也许是真的。 b) He may(might) have told her yesterday. 他也许昨天就告诉她了。 c) May(Might) I smoke in here? 这儿我可以抽烟吗? d) You might have helped her. 你本可以帮她一把的。(用may意为“也许已经帮助了她”) 注:can could 意为“可能”“可以”时,与may might 近义。 7、must 的用法: 后接动词原形。意思是“必须(表义务)”,否定式mustn't 意思是“不允许”“不可”。请看例句: a) You must do it yourself. 你必须亲自做这事。 b) Must he do it himself? 他必须亲自做吗? c) You mustn't let others do it. 不许你让别人做。 d) You mustn't miss this film. 你不可错过这个电影。(表强烈建议) Must还可以表推测,意思是“一定”“很可能”,只用于肯定句。 e) He must be ill. 他一定是病了。 f) It must be late. 时间一定很晚了。 g) She must have got home. 她一定到家了。 8、ought(to)的用法: 后接动词原形(前面有to 时, 实际上是不定式)。意思是“应该”,表义务和推测,与 should 近义。在否定句和疑问句中,可以省去to ,请看例句: a) You ought to go to see a doctor. 你应该去看医生。 b) You oughtn't (to) smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。 c) Ought you (to) smoke so much? 你应该抽这么多烟吗? d) You ought to have helped her. 你本应该帮她一把。 e) He ought to know Mr. Wang. 他该认识王先生。 f) She ought to have got home. 她该到家了。 9、need(需要) dare(敢)的用法: 后接动词原形。常用于疑问句和否定句中。见例句: a) He need escape, needn't he? 他需要躲避,不是吗? b) Need he escape? 他需要躲避吗? c) He needn't escape. 他无需躲避。 d) He dare escape, daren't he? 他敢逃跑,不是吗? e) Dare he escape? 他敢逃跑吗? f) He daren't escape. 他不敢逃跑。 need dare也常作为一般动词,下面6句与上述6句意思一样: a) He needs to escape, doesn't he? b) Does he need to escape? c) He doesn't need to escape. d) He dares to escape, doesn't he? e) Does he dare to escape? f) He doesn't dare to escape. 注:作为一般动词,need dare后接不定式,但也常省去to, 语言不象数学那么严谨。 10、used (to)的用法: 后接动词原形(因前面有to, 实际上是不定式)。意为“(过去)常常,(过去)曾经”, 只有过去式。注意: used to也常作为一般动词,请看例句: a) He used to go there last year. 去年他常到那儿去。 b) He usedn't to go there last year. 或 He didn't use to go there last year. c) Used he to go there last year? 或 Did he use to go there last year? d) I used to have a motorcycle. 我曾经有一辆摩托车。 e) There used to be a bookshelf in this room. 这间房里曾有个书架。 以上之另类语法,可以说简单之至。你如果还嫌烦,恐怕谁也无能为力了 |