破折号(--,注意是两个短横,英语叫em dash,一个短横叫en dash, 只能连接词语,不能连接句子)具有引出下文,补充内容,揭开玄机等等功能。但在学术论文的写作中,引出下文可以使用冒号,补充内容可以用逗号或括号,这些标点符号都比破折号更为严肃正式,而破折号的优点是它可以起到强调、高亮的作用。
比起前面讨论的标点符号,破折号是一种比较戏剧性的标点符号。之所以强调它的戏剧性,是因为它不应该被滥用。滥用的标准是什么呢,一页里用一两次最多了。我遇到过学生写文章追求戏剧性效果,一页十几个dash,会给人感觉文章破碎,一句话读不流畅,整个段落形不成整体,所以还是要留意。
总之,破折号相比其他符号更加不正式,更加戏剧性,在使用的时候要多斟酌,看看哪种符号更贴近上下文语气和出版语境。
The girl revealed what was in her pocket: a shiny, blue bird egg. (陈述语气)
The girl revealed what was in her pocket -- a shiny, blue bird egg. (戏剧性揭晓)
After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball (or, rather, limped for it).
After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball—or, rather, limped for it.
除此以外,破折号也可以链接两个独立的句子,起到代替分号、强调下一句话的作用:
After months of deliberation, the jurors reached a unanimous verdict—guilty!
The white sand, the warm water, the sparkling sun—this is what brought them to Hawaii.
比起前面讨论的标点符号,破折号是一种比较戏剧性的标点符号。之所以强调它的戏剧性,是因为它不应该被滥用。滥用的标准是什么呢,一页里用一两次最多了。我遇到过学生写文章追求戏剧性效果,一页十几个dash,会给人感觉文章破碎,一句话读不流畅,整个段落形不成整体,所以还是要留意。
总之,破折号相比其他符号更加不正式,更加戏剧性,在使用的时候要多斟酌,看看哪种符号更贴近上下文语气和出版语境。
The girl revealed what was in her pocket: a shiny, blue bird egg. (陈述语气)
The girl revealed what was in her pocket -- a shiny, blue bird egg. (戏剧性揭晓)
After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball (or, rather, limped for it).
After a split second of hesitation, the second baseman leaped for the ball—or, rather, limped for it.
除此以外,破折号也可以链接两个独立的句子,起到代替分号、强调下一句话的作用:
After months of deliberation, the jurors reached a unanimous verdict—guilty!
The white sand, the warm water, the sparkling sun—this is what brought them to Hawaii.